Relaţiile dintre acţiunile de asistenţã şi reprezentãrile sociale: o contribuţie empiricã
Roberto Fasanelli, Ida Galli
Rezumat: Studiul relaţiilor dintre practicile sociale şi reprezentãrile aferente, puţin abordate pânã acum, constituie astãzi una dintre problemele centrale ale evoluþiei teoriei reprezentãrilor sociale. Scopul cercetãrii noastre este de a identifica mecanismele prin care o reprezentare socialã este activatã în cadrul unui context dat, în cazul nostru de luare în grijã şi de terapie a pacienţilor. În concordanþã cu premisele epistemologice ale teoriei de referinţã, eşantionul este compus din subiecţi pentru care boala Alzheimer reprezintã un obiect al interacţiunilor simbolice cotidiene, realizate prin intermediul limbajului. Ca structurã, eşantionul a fost divizat în urmãtoarele subeºantioane: (1) îngrijitori formali (medici sau personal paramedical) şi (2) îngrijitori informali (rude ale bolnavilor). Pentru a studia reprezentãrile sociale ale bolii Alzheimer pe subeşantioane, am abordat pentru început câmpul lexical. Componenta informaţie a fost studiatã supunând datele culese prin asociaţia liberã la o analizã frecvenţialã de tip lexical. În abordarea celei de-a doua componente, câmpul reprezentãrii, am recurs la o analizã statisticã descriptivã. De asemenea, în scopul identificãrii nucleului central al reprezentãrii, ca şi a sistemului sãu periferic, am analizat termenii liber asociaţi prin intermediul tehnicii evocãrilor ierarhizate, propusã de Vergès. Aceiaşi subiecţi au participat apoi la o serie de interviuri semidirective utile în cunoaşterea mai detaliatã a reprezentãrii sociale în discuţie. Datele au fost prelucrate printr-o analizã de conþinut categorial-frecvenţialã. Rezultatele furnizeazã, printre altele, o serie de elemente de reflecţie foarte interesante asupra reprezentãrilor sociale ale sãnãtãţii şi ale bolii, elaborate de cãtre un public direct sau indirect implicat în interacţiuni cu persoane în stãri alterate sau patologice.
Abstract: The study of the relationship between social practice and social representation emerges as one of the key issues within the history of social representation theory. Nevertheless, these relationships are still today misunderstood and, paradoxically, rarely investigated. The following study is aimed at identifying the mechanisms through which social representations are used within a given context, specifically in the context of taking responsibility for and taking care of the patient. The sample used for the study is made up of subjects for whom Alzheimers disease is the object of symbolic daily interactions made through language, in accordance with the epistemological premises of the Theory of reference. From the internal structure point of view, the same sample was divided into the following subsamples: (1) formal caregivers (medical and paramedical personnel in health centers); (2) informal caregivers (relatives of the patient). In order to study the social representations of Alzheimers disease as shown in the various subsamples involved in the research, we start from the semantic-lexical field. The first component studied, Information, was constructed through a lexical frequency statistical analysis using material collected through free-association test. The data collected was later used as a means of accessing the second component of the research, the Field of representation, identified through a descriptive statistical analysis. To identify the central nucleus and the peripheral elements of this type of social representation, the free-associated terms used by the subjects interviewed were analyzed by using the Vergès Evocation hiérarchisée technique. Finally, the same subjects that had participated in the free-association test were given a semidirective interview, through which it was possible to have access to the content of the social representation studied. The data from this phase of the research was analyzed for its categorical-frequential content. The results obtained provide interesting observations on the social representations of health and illness as shown by the people involved, directly or indirectly, with the altered or pathological states of the organism.
Résumé: L’étude des relations entre les pratiques sociales et les représentations constitue une des questions nodales dans le processus évolutif de la Théorie des représentations sociales. Telles relations sont encore méconnues et peu étudiées. Le but de notre recherche est d’identifier les mécanismes au moyen desquels une représentation sociale est mis en uvre à l’intérieur d’un contexte donné, dans notre cas spécifique, dans un contexte de prise en charge et de cure. Conformément aux prémisses épistémologiques de notre Théorie de référence, l’échantillon est composé par des sujets pour lesquels la maladie d’Alzheimer constitue l’objet dinteractions symboliques quotidiennes, réalisées par lintermédiaire du langage. Du point de vue de la structure, léchantillon a été subdivisé selon les sous-échantillons suivants: (1) caregivers formels (médicins ou personnel paramédical); (2) caregivers informels (parents des malades). Pour étudier les représentations sociales de l’Alzheimer des différents sous-échantillons, nous avons décidé de commencer par le champ lexical. La composante information a été étudiée en soumettant les matériaux recueillis par les associations libres à une analyse fréquentielle de type lexical. Les données recueillies ont été utilisées pour étudier la deuxième composante, le champ de la représentation, identifié par une analyse statistique descriptive. Pour identifier le noyau central, aussi bien que les éléments périphériques de la représentation sociale, on a analysé les termes librement associés par les interviewés à travers la technique des «Évocations hiérarchisées» de Vergès. Les mêmes sujets ont été soumis à un entretien semidirective, utile pour connaître le contenu de la représentation sociale étudiée. Les données ont été traitées par une analyse de contenu de type catégoriel-fréquentiel. Les résultats fournissent, entre autres, des éléments de réflexion très
intéressants sur les représentations sociales de la santé et de la maladie élaboré par des «publiques» directement ou indirectement impliqués dans les états altérés ou pathologiques de l’organisme.
