Nevoia de finalizare şi rezolvarea disonanţei cognitive

Ana Leibovici

Rezumat: Cercetarea de faţã se bazeazã pe douã concepte: nevoia de finalizare, traducere din englezescul need for closure (Kruglanski şi Freund, 1983) şi disonanţa cognitivã (Festinger, 1957). Rezultatele statistice au demonstrat cã persoanele cu nevoie crecutã de finalizare (predispoziţie spre inflexibilitate, creşterea tensiunii în cazul neatingerii obiectivelor), respectiv scãzutã (flexibilitate, predispoziţie de a amâna luarea deciziilor), rezolvã disonanţele cognitive cu care se confruntã în mod diferit, putând afirma, cu o marjã de eroare sub 1%, cã persoanele cu nevoie crescutã de finalizare preferã sã elimine un element disonant, iar persoanele cu nevoie scãzutã de finalizare au tendinţa de a adãuga un element consonant atunci când se confruntã cu o disonanţã cognitivã. Nu putem spune însã cã procedura experimentalã pe care am utilizat-o pentru a accentua disonanţa a avut efect, deoarece nu s-a remarcat nici o diferenţã semnificativã în privinţa stilului de rezolvare a disonanţei cognitive între subiecţii cãrora li s-a accentuat starea de disonanţã şi grupele de control. Rezolvarea disonanţei cognitive nu depinde mai mult de ambele variabile independente (nevoia de finalizare şi accentuarea disonanţei) decât de una singurã, dar putem afirma cu o foarte mare certitudine (p < 0,001) cã nevoia de finalizare este un excelent predictor pentru modalitatea de rezolvare a unei disonanţe cognitive. Acest studiu a scos în evidenþã o nouã procedurã experimentalã (accentuarea disonanþei cognitive) şi a descoperit o puternicã legãturã, demonstratã statistic, între nevoia de finalizare (need for closure) şi disonanţa cognitivã. Abstract: This research is based on two concepts: need for closure (Kruglanski & Freund, 1983) and the cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957). The statistic results have demonstrated that the persons with a high need for closure (predisposition towards inflexibility tension in case of difficulty in touching the goals) and, respectively, the ones with a low need for closure (flexibility, predisposition to postpone making a decision) solve the cognitive dissonances that they encounter in a different manner. We can affirm, with a margin for error lower than 1/1000, that the persons with a high need for closure prefer to eliminate a dissonant component, and the persons with a low need for closure tend to add a consonant element when dealing with a cognitive dissonance. We cannot say that the experimental procedure that we have created and used to enhance the dissonance was effective, because no significant difference was noted between the subjects whose dissonant state was enhanced and the group of control, in which concerns the cognitive dissonance resolution style. The cognitive dissonance resolution does not depend more on both the independent variables (need for closure and enhancement of the dissonance) than on only one of them, but we can state with very much certainty (p < 0,001) that need for closure is an excellent predictor for the modality of solving a cognitive dissonance. This study revealed a new experimental procedure (the enhancement of cognitive dissonance) and discovered a strong connection, statistically proven, between the need for closure and the cognitive dissonance. Résumé: Cette recherche se base sur deux concepts: le besoin de clôture (Kruglanski et Freund, 1983) et la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957). Les résultats statistiques ont démontrés que les personnes avec un haut besoin de clôture (prédisposition vers l’inflexibilité, accroissement de la tension quand on ne touche pas les objectifs), respectivement lesquelles avec un bas besoin de clôture (flexibilité, tendance de remettre les décisions) résolvent différemment les dissonances qu’elles rencontrent. On peut affirmer, avec une marge d’erreur sous 1/1000, que les personnes avec un haut besoin de clôture préfèrent d’éliminer un élément dissonant et lesquelles avec un besoin bas de clôture tend d’ajouter un élément consonant quand elles se confrontent avec une dissonance cognitive. Mais on ne peut pas dire que la procédure expérimentale crée et utilisée pour accentuer la dissonance à été efficace, parce qu’on n’avons pas remarqué aucune différence significative en ce que regarde le style de résoudre la dissonance cognitive entre les sujets dont on a accentué l’état dissonant et les groupes de contrôle. La résolution de la dissonance cognitive ne dépende pas des deux variables indépendantes (le besoin de clôture et l’accentuation de la dissonance) que d’une seule, mais on peut affirmer avec une très grande certitude (p < 0,001) que le besoin de clôture est un excellent predicteur pour la modalité de résoudre une dissonance cognitive. Cet étude a révélé une nouvelle procédure expérimentale (l’accentuation de la dissonance cognitive) et a découvrait une liaison forte, démontrée statistiquement, entre le besoin de clôture (need for closure) et la dissonance cognitive.

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